A direct debit or direct withdrawal is an instruction that a bank account holder gives to his or her bank to collect an amount directly from another account. It is similar to a direct deposit but initiated by the beneficiary. It is also called pre-authorized debit (PAD) or pre-authorized payment (PAP).
It is typical to use these pulled collections to make recurring payments for credit card or utility bills. Unlike standing orders, which require the amounts to be fixed, direct debits can be used for varying amounts, and are more similar to direct deposits, which are initiated by the payer. With direct debits, the payee can simply indicate a different amount each time. However, in countries where setting up authorization for direct debit is easy enough, it can also be used for one-time payments in the mail order business or even at a point of sale.
It is available in the banking systems of several countries, including the United Kingdom, Brazil , Germany, South Africa, and the Netherlands. It is scheduled to be available across the whole Single European Payments Area by the end of 2010. In the United States, where cheques are more popular than bank transfers, a similar service is available through the Automated Clearing House network.
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The biggest difference from a direct deposit is that there must be some sort of authorization for the payee to collect funds from the payer's account. There are generally two methods to set up the authorization:
One method involves only the payer and the payee. The payer simply authorizes the payee to collect the amounts due from his or her account. As the payer's bank is not involved, it cannot check the payee's authorization, so other safeguards are required. This typically means that the payer can instruct his or her bank to return any direct debit note without giving a reason. The payee then not only has to pay all fees for the transaction (which can be hefty for returned direct debits), but may eventually lose his or her ability to initiate direct debits if this occurs too often. However, it still requires all account holders to watch statements and request returns if necessary, unless they have instructed their bank to block direct debits.
The other method also involves the payer's bank. It requires the payer to instruct his or her bank to honour direct debit notes from the payee. The payee is then notified that he or she is now authorised to initiate direct debit transfers from the payer. While this is more secure in theory, it can also mean for the payer that it is harder to return debit notes in the case of an error or dispute.
In the United Kingdom, a direct debit requires the customer to authorise a direct debit instruction with their bank. This task is carried out via the Service User (payee). [1] Companies or organisations wanting to use direct debits to collect customer payments must have a SUN (Service User Number). This can be done in two main ways: through requesting sponsorship by their bank to help with a formal application process or using an outsourced company to handle the payment processing.
Banks operate a direct debit guarantee. In this, if a customer disputes an amount that has gone out of their account by direct debit, they can contact their bank and ask for an immediate refund. It is then the Service User's responsibility to ask the customer for the money. However, the Service User is not automatically liable under the guarantee for any bank charges caused by the Service User's error, for example if an incorrect direct debit transaction causes the customer to go overdrawn. However, there are conditions where claims for consequential loss are considered under the direct debit guarantee.
To set up a paperless direct debit, nothing needs to be signed by the customer, which is why the system is so strongly regulated. A customer has the right to request a paper direct debit instruction. Some types of bank account do not allow direct debits; typically current accounts do as well as some deposit accounts. Direct debits cannot be collected on credit card accounts and should not be confused with a credit card continuous authority. The rules and regulations for a continuous credit card authority are different from the direct debit guarantee.
Any direct debit mandate that has not been used to collect funds for over 13 months is automatically cancelled by the customer's bank[2] (this is known as a "dormancy period"). This can cause problems when the mandate is used infrequently, for instance, taking a payment to settle the bill for a seldom used credit card. If the credit card company has not collected a payment using the Direct Debit mandate for over 13 months the direct debit mandate may have been cancelled as dormant without the customer's knowledge, and the direct debit claim will fail.
Direct debit payments can be set up via these methods:
On 7 January 2008, Jeremy Clarkson found himself the subject of direct debit fraud after publishing his bank account and sort code details in his column in The Sun to make the point that public concern over the 2007 UK child benefit data scandal was unnecessary. He wrote, “All you'll be able to do with them is put money into my account. Not take it out. Honestly, I've never known such a palaver about nothing”. Someone then used these details to set up a £500 direct debit to the charity Diabetes UK. In his next Sunday Times column, Clarkson wrote, “I was wrong and I have been punished for my mistake.”[3] Under the terms of the direct debit guarantee, the payment should have been returned.
In Germany, banks generally provide direct debit (Lastschrift, Bankeinzug) using both methods since the advent of so-called Giro accounts in the 1950s.
The Einzugsermächtigung ("direct debit authorisation") just requires the customer to authorize the payee to make the collection. This can happen in written form, orally, by e-mail or through a web interface set up by the payee. Although organisations are generally required not to instruct their banks to make unauthorised collections, this is usually not verified by the banks involved. Customers can instruct their bank to return the debit note within at least six weeks.
This method is very popular within Germany as it allows quick and easy payments, and it is suited even for one-time payments. A customer might just give the authorisation at the same time she or he orders goods or services from an organisation. Compared to payments by credit cards, which allow similar usage, bank fees for successful collections are much lower.
To prevent abuse, account holders must watch their bank statements and ask their bank to return unauthorised (or wrong) debit notes. As fraudulent direct debit instructions are easily traced, abuse is rare. However, there can be issues when the amount billed and collected is incorrect or unexpectedly large. There have also been cases of fraudulent direct debit where the defrauders tried to collect very small individual sums from large numbers of accounts, in the hope that most account holders would be slow to raise an issue about such small sums, giving the defrauders enough time to withdraw the collected money and disappear.
The Abbuchungsauftrag ("posting off") requires the customer to instruct his or her bank to honour debit notes from the organisation. Direct debits made with this method are verified by the customer's bank and therefore can not be returned. As it is less convenient, it is rarely used, usually only in business to business relationships.
In the Netherlands, like in Germany, an account holder can authorize a company to collect direct debit payments, without notifying the bank. Doing so is very common, with as much as 45% of all banking transactions conducted via direct debit.[4]
A transaction can be ongoing, or one-time only. For both types collecting organizations must enter into a direct debit (automatische incasso) contract with their bank. For each transaction the name and account number of the account holder must be provided. The collecting organisation can then collect from any account, provided there is enough money on the account and no block is set against direct debit from the collecting organisation. Legally, the collecting organization must have a signed and dated authorization card specifying the amount (to be) debited.
Transactions can be contested depending on the type of transaction, time since the transaction and the base of dispute. Authorized transactions of the ongoing type can directly be recalled via the bank of the account holder within the 56 days (8 weeks) since the transaction. Authorized one-time only transactions can be recalled via the bank within 5 days. Unauthorized transactions can be contested via the bank within a limited time period after the transaction.
To prevent fraudulent transactions the collecting organization is required to present to the account holder's bank, upon request, a signed authorization card (machtiging). If this card cannot be presented, all direct debit transactions may be considered to be fraudulent. Some online shops offer the possibility of paying by direct debit, but since they typically do not receive a customer's signature, their payments may officially not be honoured.
Another security measure is a "selective block" whereby the customer can instruct the bank to disallow direct debits to a specified account number. Blanket blocks are also available.
The direct debit system in Ireland is operated by IPSO, the Irish Payment Services Organisation/IRECC. Direct debit instructions can be given in writing or by telephone. There are protections for the holder of the account being debited in the event of a dispute. Guide to the Irish direct debit system.
Direct debit is a very common payment option in Japan. When signing up for a service, such as telephone, you are usually asked to enter your bank details on the service submission form, to set up for automatic payments, and the company you are signing up to will take care of the rest. Sometimes, but not always, you are offered the possibility to enter your credit card details instead of your bank account details, to have the money directly debited from your credit card instead of your bank account.
In Malaysia, the direct debit system is available via the product known as FPX - Financial Process Exchange.
Financial Process Exchange (FPX) support online direct debit as well as batch direct debit. It opens new doors for e-Commerce in Malaysia, in particular business to business (B2B) and business to commerce (B2C) payments.
FPX allow customers to make payment at e-market places such as websites and online stores as well as for corporations to collect bulk payment from their customers.
It leverages on the Internet banking services of participating banks and provides fast, secure, reliable, real-time online payment processing. FPX provides a complete end-to-end business transaction, resourceful payment records, simplified reconciliation and reduced risks as fund movements are between established financial institutions.
Supported by Bank Negara Malaysia and the local financial institutions, FPX is operated by FPX Payment Gateway Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary company of Malaysian Electronic Payment System (1997) Sdn Bhd (MEPS).
In Australia Direct Debit is performed through the Direct Entry system[5] also known as BECS (Bulk Electronic Clearing System) or CS2, managed by the Australian Payments Clearing Association. An account holder can authorise a company to collect direct debit payments, without notifying the bank.
A common example of Direct Debit is authorising a Credit Card company to debit a bank account for the monthly balance.
Many smaller companies do not have direct debit facilities themselves, and a third-party payment service must be used to interface between the biller and the customer's bank. For this a small charge (typically $1–2 per transaction, incorporated into the bill amount) is made by the payment service.
In the United States, direct debit usually means an Automated Clearing House (ACH) transfer from a bank account to a biller, initiated by the biller.
In South Africa Direct Debit also known as Debit Orders are performed through ACB. An account holder can authorise a company to collect direct debit payments. The client signs a debit mandate form giving the requesting company permission to debit their account with a fixed monthly value. This value can be recurring or once-off. This is an effective and safe alternative to receiving money in cash, by cheque or EFT
Debit Orders can be processed on any workday, Monday to Friday, excluding public holidays.
Many smaller companies do not have direct debit facilities themselves, and a third-party payment service must be used to interface between the biller and the customer's bank.